THE EVOLUTION OF STRINGED INSTRUMENTS IN THE FOLK MUSIC TRADITIONS OF ODISHA: A HISTORICAL AND ETHNOMUSICOLOGICAL STUDY

Abstract

The folk music traditions of Odisha constitute a vital component of India's intangible cultural heritage, with stringed instruments playing a significant role in preserving indigenous musical expressions, oral traditions, and cultural identities. Instruments such as the Kendara, Tuila, Banam, Dudunga, Ektara, Dotara, and Sarinda have evolved through centuries of interaction among tribal communities, rural societies, religious movements, and local craftsmanship. Despite their cultural importance, their historical development and ethnomusicological significance remain inadequately explored. This study examines the evolution of stringed instruments in the folk music traditions of Odisha from historical and ethnomusicological perspectives. Using a qualitative methodology based on historical sources, ethnographic literature, and cultural analysis, the research investigates the origin, construction, performance practices, and socio-cultural functions of these instruments. The study further explores the challenges posed by modernization, changing patronage, and the decline of traditional artisans. It argues that stringed instruments are not merely musical tools but important carriers of cultural memory, ritual practices, and community identity. The research highlights the need for systematic documentation, preservation, and revitalization of these indigenous musical traditions to safeguard Odisha's rich intangible cultural heritage for future generations.