Hematological Consequences of a Sedentary Lifestyle in College Students: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Sedentary lifestyle has become increasingly prevalent among college students due to prolonged academic demands, digital learning environments, and reduced engagement in physical activity. This behavioural pattern poses important implications for physiological health, particularly hematological function. This review synthesizes current evidence on how sedentary behaviour influences blood parameters in young adults, focusing on red blood cell indices, immune function, inflammatory markers, and platelet activity. Findings indicate that prolonged inactivity may contribute to lower hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, altered erythropoiesis, and increased risk of anemia, especially when combined with nutritional deficiencies or menstrual blood loss especially in females. Sedentary behaviour is also associated with elevated white blood cell counts and increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, suggesting a state of low-grade systemic inflammation. Additionally, physical inactivity has been linked to heightened platelet activation, which may increase pro-thrombotic tendencies over time. These hematological effects appear to be amplified when sedentary behaviour coexists with academic stress, caffeine consumption, poor diet, and irregular sleep patterns. Overall, the evidence highlights the need for greater awareness of sedentary lifestyle as a modifiable risk factor in student health. Integrating structured physical activity, reducing prolonged sitting, and promoting healthier academic routines may help protect hematological health and improve overall well-being among college students.