Multivariate Analysis of Fish Diversity in Lokpalsagar Pond of Panna District in the Context of Habitat Related Varia

Abstract

Freshwater fish production constitutes a vital component of the global food system. Aquaculture is expanding rapidly to meet the protein requirements of a growing population, contributing approximately 68 million tons globally. Aquaculture accounts for the largest share of this production, particularly in Asia. Major groups of farmed fish, such as tilapia, carp, catfish, and pangasius, play a pivotal role in ensuring food security and supporting livelihoods in developing nations. Pond ecosystems, despite their relatively small size, are ecologically significant and support rich biodiversity. This study investigates the fish diversity of Lokpalsagar Pond, located in the Panna district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The investigation was conducted over a two-year period from November 2022 to October 2024 based on seasonal sampling carried out at four distinct sites, S1, S2, S3, and S4; this sampling encompassed the winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. The results revealed distinct seasonal variations in both fish diversity and abundance. The populations of major carp species such as C. catla, C. carpio, C. mrigala, and L. rohita remained stable, with an observed increase in their numbers during the monsoon season, indicating favorable environmental and breeding conditions. Species such as L. calbasu and H. molitrix remained consistently present across all seasons, demonstrating their high adaptability. Meanwhile, distinct seasonal fluctuations were observed in species such as C. reba, C. marulius, and L. bata, with their presence being more pronounced during the monsoon season. Catfish species like M. singhala, M. cavasius, and C. batrachus remained relatively stable, exhibiting only moderate seasonal variations. In contrast, species such as H. fossilis and M. armatus demonstrated a strong preference for the monsoon season, indicative of seasonal breeding or migratory patterns. The exotic species O. mossambicus remained consistently present throughout the year, reflecting its broad ecological tolerance.