A COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL REVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES

Abstract

Occupational lung diseases (OLDs) constitute a major global health burden, arising from prolonged or repeated exposure to hazardous dusts, fumes, gases, fibers, and biological agents in the workplace. Despite advancements in industrial hygiene, these diseases remain prevalent, particularly in developing regions where occupational safety protocols are inadequate. OLDs encompass a wide spectrum of conditions, including occupational asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pneumoconiosis, beryllium disease, and asbestos-related disorders, as well as pulmonary malignancies. Risk varies across occupational groups, from traditional coal miners and construction workers to emerging high-risk sectors such as stonemasonry, electronics manufacturing, agriculture, and healthcare. Environmental toxicants—including silica, asbestos, metals, diesel exhaust, organic dusts, and nanoparticles—play critical roles in disease initiation and progression through direct cytotoxicity and immune-mediated mechanisms. Early identification of hazardous exposures, routine surveillance, molecular understanding of susceptibility, and strict workplace control measures are essential to reducing morbidity and mortality.