A Comprehensive Review of Constant Current Constant Voltage Charging Strategies for Electric Vehicle Batteries

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicles has intensified the need for efficient, safe, and reliable battery charging strategies. Among various approaches, the constant current constant Voltage (CC–CV) charging method remains the most widely adopted due to its simplicity and robustness. However, conventional CC–CV charging suffers from inherent limitations such as abrupt mode transition, prolonged charging duration, thermal stress, and accelerated battery degradation, particularly under fast-charging conditions. To address these challenges, this paper presents a comprehensive review of modified CC–CV charging strategies with an emphasis on optimized transition control, adaptive regulation, and intelligent charging techniques. Recent advancements including multi-stage charging, temperature-aware and health-aware control, model predictive control, and learning-based methods are systematically analyzed. The review highlights how these approaches enhance charging efficiency, improve thermal stability, and extend battery lifespan while maintaining operational safety. Furthermore, key challenges related to real-time implementation, battery aging, and integration with smart grids are discussed. Finally, future research directions focusing on adaptive, data-driven, and vehicle-to-grid–enabled charging frameworks are outlined to support the development of next-generation electric vehicle charging systems.